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China's uranium mining and metallurgy industry has the characteristics of large ore processing capacity, high production rate of “three wastesâ€, wide range of influence, long time potential for waste radiation exposure, and non-radioactive harmful substances. Due to the characteristics of its own industry and the constraints of the external environment, China's uranium mines are facing a severe situation; the shortage of uranium resources, the low level of comprehensive utilization, the increasingly serious environmental pollution caused by the “three wastes†of uranium mines, and the increasing safety pressure.
According to the principle of circular economy (reduction, reuse, recycling), uranium mining must achieve "low mining, high utilization, low emissions", so that the impact of economic development and growth on the environment is minimized. Therefore, based on social sustainability, sustained economy, sustainable development of ecology and resources, the development model of circular economy is an inevitable choice for uranium mining.
Second, the planning and design of the uranium mining cycle economy operation mode
(1) Planning and design principles
According to the circular economy concept, economic activities should become a closed-loop operation system of “resources-products-waste-renewable resourcesâ€. Therefore, uranium mining should be regarded as a relatively independent ecological economic system, based on ecological economics, with basic circular economy. The concept is guided by the enterprise production process as the core, and the uranium mining industry is made into an industrial eco-economic system with high integration of material and energy, smooth information transmission, rapid growth of value, and full utilization of human resources.
(2) Types of planning and design
According to the current type of uranium mining, the uranium mine is planned and designed into two types: new mine development and old mine reconstruction. But no matter what type, it is still the internal construction of the enterprise, and it must be included in the whole social circular economy development strategy. The eco-industrial park is an effective carrier for the circular economy model. Therefore, the planning and design of these projects should build an eco-industrial park centered on mining enterprises.
1. Reconstruction of the old mining area. After years of development, most of the old mining areas have now fallen into the predicament of depletion of resources and destruction of the environment. However, the production and living facilities of the mining area are complete, and there is a good material basis for building an ecological industrial chain. Linkage development should be adopted for aging uranium mines, that is, to change a single industry and product structure, actively extend the production chain of enterprises, link new development links of downstream products of uranium mines and products with associated resources, and establish a greater extraction of uranium mines. The production system of the value of resources.
2. Development of new mining areas. In the planning of the new mining area, the independent ecological industrial chain network can be built according to the concept of circular economy, or the virtual industrial chain network can be formed with the old mining area. The two can communicate with each other and complement each other. Therefore, the new mining area can adopt leaps and bounds development, that is, to cross the traditional uranium mine design and production mode, comprehensively consider the uranium mining and washing production mode from the planning stage, and comprehensively consider the uranium mining and washing production line from the planning stage. And the resource development sub-line of land reclamation and mine water utilization is interwoven into a benign development model of circular economy as soon as possible.
Third, the harmonious development of the uranium mining cycle economy operating mode
According to the planning and design principles of the uranium mining enterprise's circular economy operation mode, the operation mode of the uranium mine cycle should at least be an operation mode system consisting of the production mode, technical mode, cultural mode and institutional mode of the circular economy.
(1) Production mode of uranium mining development circular economy
Integrating clean production of uranium mines with comprehensive utilization of wastes, recycling of material resources, transforming the linear economy of “natural resources – extensive industrial – product – pollution emissions†into “natural resources – recycling industries†- The circular economy of green products - deep processing of renewable resources - green products. It is carried out in two stages: promoting clean production methods and establishing an ecological industrial chain.
1. Fully implement clean production methods
The idea of ​​cleaner production is to continue to apply environmental strategies for overall prevention to production processes, products and services to increase eco-efficiency and reduce human and environmental risks.
(1) Selecting reasonable mining methods and production processes according to the conditions of resource occurrence, increasing the recovery rate of uranium resources and reducing the waste of uranium resources. For example, the implementation of post-harvest full tailings filling, waste rock back to the ground, to avoid the establishment of surface dumps and tailings ponds, and ultimately achieve the surface without waste residue, waste rock efficient mining.
(2) Using advanced mining technology, such as surface heap leaching, in-situ blasting, in-situ leaching and bacterial leaching of uranium, etc., thereby simplifying the process, reducing production links, reducing energy consumption, reducing radioactive environmental pollution, and increasing uranium The recovery rate of mining resources.
(3) Promote the adoption of mature and reliable special mining techniques, such as techniques to mitigate the delay of surface subsidence.
(5) Promote advanced and applicable technologies for energy conservation and water conservation, realize material recycling, and reduce material and energy consumption entering the production chain.
2. Establish an ecological industrial chain for uranium mining
Each step of the industrial chain increases the added value of uranium processing and conversion, while reducing waste emissions. Through the analysis of the development models of traditional uranium mining enterprises at home and abroad, especially the development of uranium mining enterprises in China, the uranium mining enterprise circular economy industrial chain model (see Figure 1) is constructed to make the resources needed for production and Internalization of energy supply, reduction and recycling of pollutants. 
Figure 1 Model of circular economy industrial chain in uranium mining enterprises
(II) Technical model for the development of circular economy in uranium mining industry
The essence of the Yuhuan economy is to improve the utilization of resources and energy through high technology. The technical carrier of the circular economy is environmentally sound or environmentally optimized technology. Environmentally sound technologies are based on clean production technologies and waste recycling technologies. They are characterized by low pollutant emissions, rational use of resources and energy, greater recycling of waste and products, and disposal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Residual waste. The environmentally sound technologies mainly include process technologies and product technologies for preventing pollution or less waste, and end technologies for pollution control. The main types are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Technical system for the development of circular economy in uranium mines
(3) Cultural model of uranium mining development circular economy
The development of circular economy requires not only advanced hardware facilities such as equipment, technology and technology, but also the support of software systems such as corporate culture and entrepreneurial spirit. It is necessary to cultivate a circular economy corporate culture with characteristics of the times and its own characteristics.
1. With the aim of sustainable development, fully develop and utilize cultural resources, so that the comprehensive utilization of resources at the individual level of enterprises becomes a systematic and comprehensive form of circular economy involving industries and the entire social and economic level.
2. People-oriented, making it the fundamental principle for building a harmonious enterprise. It is necessary to regard nuclear safety work and realize the safe development of the nuclear industry; cultivate technical talents to become an important strategic measure for enterprises; attach importance to management talents, and follow the rules of ecology to conduct enterprise management from a system perspective.
(4) The institutional model for the development of circular economy in uranium mining industry
1. Establish a modern enterprise system for uranium mining. Enterprises should actively implement the management model of “vertical management, hierarchical authorization, mutual cooperation, horizontal restraint, standardization, proceduralization and information operationâ€, and establish a management system and mechanism with unified responsibility, rights and interests. Promote the general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors, strengthen the restraint mechanism and incentive mechanism, operate in accordance with the modern enterprise system, use good people, and use the right person. On the basis of constructing the enterprise information management platform, effective implementation and scientific decision-making on human, financial and material factors are implemented.
2. Improve the environmental management model of uranium mining. After the implementation of the circular economy development model, the functions of the uranium mining environmental protection agency changed from feedback control to overall preventive control, from the environmental monitoring of enterprises to the direct help and participation of corporate environmental protection work; on the other hand, the implementation of internal hierarchical management Establish full-time environmental protection functional departments at all levels, form an enterprise ecological environment management system, and conduct comprehensive environmental management. In the planning stage of mine development, systematically consider various environmental issues, analyze the carrying capacity of various environmental carriers, reduce pollution emissions from the source, and find waste for maximum recycling.
3. Establish a monitoring and control system for the development of circular economy in uranium mining. First, enterprises must formulate environmental resource responsibility books in accordance with the requirements of circular economy. Environmental resources responsibility books must fully reflect the requirements of circular economy development, and apply the “3R†principle to all aspects of production and operation. Make specific specifications for the use of materials, water, electricity and other resources in production; monitor the operation of environmental protection facilities, monitor the compliance rate of major pollutants; conduct research and analysis on the comprehensive utilization of resources and the basic management of environmental resources , respond in a timely manner. Secondly, it is necessary to organically combine the ecological and environmental responsibility of enterprises with the responsibility of production and management, and link them with the economic interests of leaders and managers at all levels of the enterprise as part of the assessment.
4. Establish an environmental management system with ISO14000 as the core. Uranium mining enterprises should establish an environmental management system for product production as soon as possible, thereby enhancing the company's cost control, saving energy; reducing the occurrence of environmental liability accidents; improving the environmental management level of enterprises; improving corporate image and the relationship between enterprises and local communities.
5. Obey the "three simultaneous" principle. The “three simultaneous†principle means that the pollution control facilities of new construction, reconstruction, expansion projects and technological transformation projects as well as regional development and construction projects must be designed, constructed and put into operation simultaneously with the main project. It complements the environmental impact assessment system and is the embodiment and institutionalization of China's prevention-oriented policy. At the beginning of construction, the uranium mining industry should fully consider the environmental management issues of decommissioning, and make careful consideration for future decommissioning, avoiding the slag moving, causing secondary pollution and increasing unnecessary engineering investment.
6. Strengthen the study and publicity of the circular economy. The implementation of circular economy in uranium mines is a new thing. It is necessary to update concepts, establish a circular economy development concept, and enhance the circular economy awareness of employees. By creating a learning organization and establishing a shared learning system within the enterprise, employees can be consciously learn and innovate. At the same time, the meaning and function of the circular economy can be widely publicized through lectures, bulletin boards, networks, radio and television. Ways to cultivate employees have a strong environmental awareness and ecological ethics, so that employees identify and actively participate in the promotion of circular economy development activities.
1. The necessity of developing a circular economy model for uranium mining industry in China
(4) Implement air pollution prevention and control projects. It mainly includes dust removal in mining areas, ground dust control, and mine ventilation equipment renovation.
Technical classification
Specific technology
aims
Clean production technology
Uranium ore surface heap leaching, in-situ blasting, in-situ leaching, bacterial leaching uranium technology
Minimize the amount of surface treatment, effectively protect the natural landscape of the surface, and eliminate the environmental pollution of the surface of the radioactive waste residue
Waste utilization technology
Mine water reuse, comprehensive development and utilization of uranium mine associated resources, comprehensive utilization and reuse of mine water
Maximize efficient use of matter and energy
Pollution control technology
Mine ventilation technology, ultra-high pressure static technology, mine water treatment, flue gas dedusting, wind shaft noise control, meteorite backfill
Purify waste, control pollution, and end treatment at the end of the production process
Ecological restoration technology
Sealed sealing treatment, enclosure, covering isolation, restoration of vegetation
The purpose of the enclosure is to prevent the loss of waste rock; the purpose of the cover is to reduce the rate of radon and r radiation.
Other technology
Flexible linking technology for environmental systems and monitoring technologies and material transformation
Guarantee the implementation of circular economy