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On the other hand, the harsh environment of the Atomic Energy Laboratory requires certain operating machinery to replace radioactive materials. In response to this demand, the Argonne Institute of the US Atomic Energy Commission developed a remote control robot in 1947, and in 1948 developed a mechanical master-slave robot.
The development of industrial robots in the United States
The United States is the birthplace of robots. As early as 1962, the world’s first industrial robot was developed. Japan is at least five to six years ahead of the start of the robot kingdom. After more than 40 years of development, the United States has now become one of the most powerful robotic countries in the world with solid foundation and advanced technology. Looking at its history of development. The road is tortuous and uneven.
From the 1960s to the 1970s, the industrial robots in the United States were mainly based on the research stage. Only a few universities and a few companies carried out related research work. At that time, the U.S. government did not include industrial robots in key development projects. In particular, the unemployment rate in the United States was as high as 6.65%. The government is worried that the development of robots will cause more people to lose their jobs. Therefore, neither financial support nor the development of robots has been organized. . In the late 1970s, although the U.S. government and business community had changed their understanding of the manufacturing and application of industrial robots, they still focused on the research of robotics software and advanced robots in military, space, ocean, nuclear engineering, and other special fields. In terms of development, Japan’s industrial robots came from behind, and soon surpassed the United States in the application of industrial production and robot manufacturing. The products have formed a strong competitive edge in the international market.
According to the UNECE and the International Robot Federation (IFR), by the end of 2003, the total number of robots operating in the United States was 112,400, an increase of 7% over 2002. It is estimated that by the end of 2007, the number of robots in operation will reach 145,000. As for the statistics of the number of industrial robots per 10,000 employees, by the end of 2003, there were 63 industrial robots per 10,000 employees in U.S. manufacturing. Despite rankings, the United States has entered the top 10 in the world, but it still has a big gap with the top few, which is equivalent to only 43% in Germany, 54% in Italy, and 68% in the EU. Compared with the ordinary manufacturing industry, the number of industrial robots owned by every 10,000 industrial workers in the US automobile industry has greatly increased to 740, but it is still far below Japan (1400 robots), Italy (1400 robots) and Germany. (1000 robots).
Industrial Robot Development in Japan
In 1965, MIT's Roborts demonstrated the first robot system with a visual sensor that can identify and locate simple blocks. In 1967 Japan established the Artificial Hand Research Association (now renamed the Bionic Institute Research Association), and held the first Japanese Robotics Academic Conference in the same year. In 1970, the first International Conference on Industrial Robotics was held in the United States. After 1970, research on robotics was rapidly and widely used. In 1973, Richard Horne of Cincinnati Milacron created the first industrial robot controlled by a small computer. It was hydraulically driven and could lift an effective payload of 45 kilograms.
By 1980, industrial robots were truly popular in Japan, so this year was called "the first year of robotics." Subsequently, industrial robots have achieved great development in Japan, and Japan has thus won the "roaming kingdom of robots."
At the same time, Japan in the 1970s was facing a serious shortage of labor. This issue has become a major issue that restricts its economic development. There is no doubt that industrial robots born in the United States and already put into production have brought good news to Japan. In 1967, Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan first introduced robots and technology from the United States, established a production plant, and in 1968 produced the first Japanese-made unimate robot. After a brief cradle stage, Japanese industrial robots quickly entered the practical stage and gradually expanded from the automotive industry to other manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries.
In 1980, Japan was known as the "first year of popularization of robots." Japan began to promote the use of robots in various fields, which greatly eased the social conflicts in the market with a serious shortage of labor. Coupled with the multi-faceted encouragement policies adopted by the Japanese government, these robots have been welcomed by a large number of companies. From 1980 to 1990, Japan’s industrial robots were in their heyday. Afterwards, the international market once turned to Europe and North America, but Japan has restored its former glory after a short period of downturn. At the end of 1993, there were 610,000 industrial robots installed in the world, of which Japan accounted for 60%, the United States accounted for 8%, Europe accounted for 17%, Russia and Eastern Europe accounted for 12%.
Industrial robot development in Germany
The number of German industrial robots is the third largest in the world, behind Japan and the United States. Its research and application of intelligent robots are in the leading position in the world. At present, on the basis of popularizing the first generation of industrial robots, the second generation of industrial robots has been promoted and used as a mainstream installation model, and the third generation of intelligent robots has occupied a certain proportion and become the development direction. The world's robot suppliers are divided into Japanese and European.
ABB, Sweden, is one of the world's largest robot manufacturing companies. In 1974, the world's first fully-controlled industrial robot, IRB6, was developed. It is mainly used for workpiece pick-and-place and material handling. The first welding robot was produced in 1975. After the merger of Trallfa painting robot company in 1980, its robotic products became more complete. Industrial robots manufactured by ABB are widely used in welding, assembly casting, sealant coating, material processing, packaging, painting, and water cutting.
Germany's KUKA Roboter Gmbh is one of the world's top manufacturers of industrial robots.
In 1973, the first industrial robot of KUKA was developed. The annual output reaches about 10,000 sets. The produced robots are widely used in instruments, automobiles, aerospace, food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, foundry, plastics and other industries. They are mainly used in materials processing, machine tool equipment, packaging, stacking, welding, surface rest and other fields.
Development of Industrial Robots in China
China's industrial robots started in the early 1970s, and its development process can be roughly divided into three stages: the budding period in the 1970s; the development period in the 1980s; and the practicalization period in the 1990s. Now after more than 20 years of development has begun to take shape.
China has produced some key robot components and developed industrial robots such as arc welding, spot welding, palletizing, assembly, handling, injection molding, stamping, and painting. A group of domestic industrial robots has served on the production lines of many domestic companies; a group of research talents in robotics also emerged. Some related scientific research institutions and enterprises have mastered the optimization design and manufacturing techniques for industrial robot manipulators; hardware design techniques for industrial robot control and drive systems; robot software design and programming techniques; kinematics and trajectory planning techniques; arc welding, spot welding And large-scale robot automatic production lines and peripheral equipment development and preparation techniques. Some key technologies have reached or are close to the world level.
Research on modern robots began in the middle of the 20th century. Its technical background was the development of computers and automation, and the development and utilization of atomic energy. Since the advent of the first digital computer in 1946, computers have made remarkable progress and have developed in the direction of high speed, large capacity, and low price. The urgent need for mass production drives the progress of automation technology. One of the results is the birth of CNC machine tools in 1952. The control of CNC machine tools and the research of mechanical parts have laid the foundation for the development of robots.